International Humanitarian Law (IHL) plays a crucial role in protecting civilians during armed conflicts. It provides a robust framework within which civilians are protected . The main victims of war in the past 60 years have been civilians, making the protection of civilians during armed conflict a significant concern .
Protection of Civilians under International Humanitarian Law
Under IHL, civilians are protected against attack unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities . The purpose of this protection is to distinguish between those who are taking part in the fighting and those who are not, such as civilians, with the aim of safeguarding the civilian population . This protection extends to all civilians without discrimination, but certain groups, such as women, children, the aged, and other vulnerable populations, are singled out for special mention .
Importance of Protecting Civilians in Urban Areas
Protecting civilians in urban areas is of particular importance. Urban warfare poses unique challenges due to the dense population and infrastructure, making it crucial to minimize harm to civilians during hostilities . International humanitarian law emphasizes the need to avoid and minimize civilian harm in populated areas . This includes understanding the anticipated effects of explosive weapons on military targets and their surrounding areas, as well as the associated risks to civilians .
International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict
In addition to IHL, international human rights law also provides legal protection for civilians during armed conflict. Serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law are recognized as significant concerns . The protection of civilians is considered a basic element of humanitarian law, encompassing not only civilians but also all those who are not taking part in the conflict .
Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
Efforts are being made to strengthen compliance with IHL and improve the protection of civilians during armed conflict. The United Nations Security Council and the General Assembly have taken steps to enhance the protection of civilians and promote compliance with IHL . There is also a need to broaden and strengthen initiatives aimed at sharing policies and practices on protecting civilians, which can support the better implementation of IHL .